Law - Defamation

Defamation

Defamation otherwise known as calumny, vilification and trraducement. A person who defames another may be called a "defamer", "famacide", "libeler" or "slanderer". Is defined as the communication of a false statement that harms the reputation of a business, product, individual person, group, government, religion or nation. Most jurisdictions allow legal action to deter various kinds of defamation and retaliate against groundless criticism. It is usually regarded as irrational unprovoked criticism which has little or no factual basis and can be compared to hate speech, which can also be taken to encompass discrimination against a particular organisation, individual, nation, corporation or other political, social, cultural or commercial entity which has often but not always been entrenched in the practitioner by old prejudices and xenophobia. Under common law, to constitute defamation, a claim must generally be false and have been made to someone other than the person defamed. Some common law jurisdictions also distinguish between spoken defamation, called slander, and defamation in other media such as printed words or images, called libel. False light laws protect against statements which are not technically false but misleading. In some civil law jurisdictions, defamation is treated as a crime rather than a civil wrong. The United Nations Commission on Human Rights ruled in 2012 that the criminalization of libel violates freedom of expression and is inconsistent with Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

Libel

Libel is to publish in print (including pictures), writing or broadcast through radio, television or film, an untruth about another which will do harm to that person or his/her reputation, by tending to bring the target into ridicule, hatred, scorn or contempt of others. Libel is the written or broadcast form of defamation, distinguished from slander which is oral defamation. Negligent or intentional publication or broadcast of a defamatory statement that exposes a person to contempt, disrespect, hatred, or ridicule. The defamation, whether expressed in print, writing, pictures, gestures, or signs via newspapers, radio, television, movies, or plays, is either a civil wrong or (if it tends to provoke a breach of peace) a criminal wrong. A libel is actionable per se, without proof of financial loss or special damages. However, if a defamatory statement is true and the libeled person is a public figure or celebrity then its publication or broadcast may not constitute a libel if it can be shown that the statement was published for public benefit because of its newsworthiness.

Slander

Base, defamatory, untrue words said aloud, and tending to prejudice another person in business, means of livelihood, or reputation. Damages for slander (unlike those for libel) are not presumed and must be proved by the complainant, except in cases where slander constitutes an obvious defamation.






Fair Comment

Defense to an action of defamation, that the statement in question was based on the speaker's or writer's honest and impartial observation or opinion about a matter or subject of public concern or interest.




Privilege

legal professional privilege protects all communications between a professional legal adviser (a solicitor, barrister or attorney) and his or her clients from being disclosed without the permission of the client. The privilege is that of the client and not that of the lawyer. The purpose behind this legal principle is to protect an individual's ability to access the justice system by encouraging complete disclosure to legal advisers without the fear that any disclosure of those communications may prejudice the client in the future.








Public Interest 

Welfare of the general public (in contrast to the selfish interest of a person, group, or firm) in which the whole society has a stake and which warrants recognition, promotion, and protection by the government and its agencies. Public interest is claimed generally by governments in matters of state secrecy and confidentiality. It is approximated by comparing expected gains and potential costs or losses associated with a decision, policy, program, or project.








UK Libel Case 

Joanna Clare Yeates was a landscape architect from Hampshire, England, who went missing on 17th December 2010 in Bristol after an evening out with colleagues. Following a highly publicised appeal for information on her whereabouts and intensive police enquiries, her body was discovered on 25th December 2010 in Failand, North Somerset. A post-mortem examination determined that she had been strangled. The police initially suspected and arrested Christopher Jefferies, Yeates' landlord, who lived in a flat in the same building. He was questioned for three days and then released on police bail, an indication that he remained under suspicion. Three weeks later a Dutchman, Vincent Tabak, was arrested and charged with the murder, but it was not until March 4 that Jefferies’ bail was lifted and police confirmed he was not a suspect. Tabak later admitted killing Yeates but denied murder.

Christopher Jefferies, therefore, is clearly innocent of murder. Further since he suid Avon and Somerset police for false imprisonment, breach of his human rights and trespass, the grounds for his arrest can’t be discussed here. But the press reporting about him can. Eight national newspapers have made public apologies to Christopher Jefferies for the libellous allegations made against him following the murder of Joanna Yeates. The Sun, Daily Mirror, Sunday Mirror, Daily Record, Daily Mail, Daily Star, The Scotsman and Daily Express have also paid him substantial libel damages, thought to total six figures.

The front page of The Sun showed a small photograph of Joanna Yeates next to a cut-out from a school line-up showing Jefferies 30 years ago, with very blue hair, grinning. The headline was: “The strange Mr Jefferies – Kids’ nickname for ex-teacher suspect”. Then on page four it was dominated by four words, each accompanied by an explanatory phrase, weird: ‘Strange talk, strange walk’, posh:‘Loved culture, poetry’, lewd: ‘Made sexual remarks’, creepy: ‘Loner with blue rinse hair’. The article started by “Joanna Yeates murder suspect Chris Jefferies was last night branded a creepy oddball by ex-pupils, a teaching colleague and neighbours.” It went on to assert that he had a ferocious temper and threw things in the classroom, and that he invited pupils to his home and habitually made sexual remarks. He was also branded as being "unkempt and dirty, a loner, domineering" and generally believed to be a homosexual. The evidence for this came largely from unnamed sources.

The Daily Mirror also reported on the story; “Jo suspect is Peeping Tom”. Beside that were three more lines: “Arrest landlord spied on flat couple”; “Friend in jail for paedophile crimes” and “Cops now probe 36-year-old murder”. On inside pages Jefferies was a Nutty Professor with a bizarre past who was arrogant, rude and a snob, had a ferocious temper and peered through his tenants’ windows. The paper also reported that “his eccentric manner and long-term bachelor status sparked unfounded school gossip that he was gay”. The Daily Star announced: “Jo landlord a creep who freaked out schoolgirls” and “Angry ‘weirdo’ had foul temper”. And the Daily Express quoted an unnamed former pupil saying he constantly made lewd remarks to students. All of the stories which these newspapers have reported on are mostly based purely on false or lack of sources. Also they are purely assumptions and just targeting somebody who is slightly different to the majority of people in society. This is a good example of how people can prejudge others for being different and if you're unique you must be blamed for anything bad which happens.

The outcome of this case was that he received "substantial" libel damages from eight newspapers - the Sun, the Daily Mirror, the Sunday Mirror, the Daily Mail, the Daily Record, the Daily Express, the Daily Star and the Scotsman - in relation to "seriously defamatory'' allegations made against him in the wake of her death. His solicitor, Louis Charalambous, told Mr Justice Tugendha that the papers had acknowledged the falsity of the claims, which were contained in over 40 articles published in late December 2010 and early January 2011. The Christopher Jefferies case provided great evidence for newspapers privacy invading, wrong accusations and publically informing audiences which information which doesn't without credible sources which was put forward in the Leveson Inquiry.

The Defamation Act 1996 and 2013

The UK Defamation Act 1996, exists to protect the reputation and good standing of an individual. In order to pursue a successful defamation suit the claimant must: prove that they have a reputation which can be damaged and be able to show that their reputation has been damaged. The 1996 version of the act was replaced by the 2013 version which changed a number of Defamation procedures. All defamation cases under the Senior Courts Act 1981 in the Queens Bench Division, and the County Courts Act 1984, which were “tried with a jury”, unless the trial requires prolonged examination of documents &c, are now “tried without a jury” unless the court orders otherwise. Such cases are referred through a Defamation Recognition Commission (DRC) to a new Independent Regulatory Board (IRB), to provide arbitration services. The Courts should take into account, when awarding costs and damages, whether either party in a dispute has chosen not to use the arbitration service. A successful party is required to pay all of the proceedings costs, if such a party unreasonably refused to use the arbitration service. Judgment awards of exemplary damages, where a defendant is guilty of breach of a defendant’s rights, can take into account whether either party refused to use, or join the arbitration service. Courts should take into account whether defendant first sought advice from the IRB before publication. It was changed to give a better protection to people expressing their opinions are to come into force in England and Wales.

Assignment One – Comparison of Radio News Bulletins

Comparison of Radio News Bulletins

The task we were assigned was to create a detailed and illustrated report on the differences and comparisons of a variety of news bulletins. We have to look closely at the differences in the ‘form’ or ‘treatment’ of news stories and the ‘styles’ in which they are presented. Finally the report should seek to critically compare these bulletins in terms of news values with reference to audience and station’s agenda. The three news bulletins I decided to evaluate were Radio 2, Wave 105 and Capital South Coast. All of them are unique to themselves and each have different elements which are similar as well as different. I choose these three news bulletins as I felt they weren't completely identical; the stories they report vary from local and worldwide, the style of reporting differs from slow paced, more understandable to rapid and prompt. Also the layout of stories told all differ (some radio stations start with sport stories whereas others begin with shocking worldwide stories) and finally the type of readers alter from older more professional people to young, chatty laid-back readers.

The first news bulletin I evaluated was Radio 2 which is a BBC station. This radio station is apart of the BBC's national radio stations and is one of the most popular station in the whole of United Kingdom. The station is best described as adult contemporary due to most of its daytime playlist-based programming, but also can be distinguished as specialist broadcasting of other musical genres. Radio 2 only broadcasts in the United Kingdom but can be available worldwide through the internet. The station first launched on 30th September 1967 at 5.30 am. It started from the Light Programme with some of Light Programme's music shows transferring to the recent BBC Radio 1 launch. The first show had started at 05:30am (on the Light Programme) but continued with Breakfast Special from Paul Hollingdale as Radio 1 split. The stations audience is mainly adults over the age of 35, around 82% of listeners come under this style. However recently Radio 2 have changed the style of music more to cater for younger listeners The daytime playlist features music from the 60's to more current chart hits, albums and also indie/alternative music. The station has a broad and deep appeal with accessible daytime programmes and specialist programmes of particular types or eras of music. The station even won the Music Week Award for National Radio Station of the Year in 2009, an award which the station has previously won several times which just proves how successful Radio 2 actually is when it comes to musically catering for their audience. The format of Radio 2 is Adult Contemporary Music (AC) which is a style of music, ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music.The station has a catchy slogan "Online, on Digital Radio, and on 88 to 91 FM" which is always used in the news bulletins and has in a way become a recognisable phrase and made the station a household brand. Through my primary research from Radio 2 which I got from emailing the assistant editor in the Radio Newsroom at the BBC, James Hermon. I discovered news on Radio Two has its own style and approach. It is built on the same foundations as all BBC news - impartial, balanced etc. It is Radio 2 direct, with an emphasis on actuality (short clips of people affected by the story - from politicians, to experts, to eye-witnesses) and short clips from correspondent. 2-ways. Brevity is essential. Short sentences - without clauses - should be the ideal. This gives a summary pace and urgency. R2 summaries can be more informal at times - both in terms of writing style and type of story. An important note: radio audiences often listen while doing something else. The stories have to be comprehended instantly, hence the writing style. Another important note: R2 audiences stick to the network - they listen for long stretches of time. We try to vary the lead story - if feasible; and we try to vary the other stories as much as we can - to avoid repetition, and to avoid sounding stale. On story selection, the main emphasis is on what is traditionally called the "human interest" angle. They like to humanise political or social policy stories as much as we can (although, that can be hard to do) by using the voices of real people. For example, if there is an announcement on the use of new cancer drugs, we may use a clip of a trusted expert - a senior public health official or cancer specialist, say, to explain what is happening - but we would aim to follow that with a "case study" - someone who has experience and for whom the new approach
 may may a difference, or not.

The second news bulletin I evaluated was Wave 105 which is a commercial station. The station is a UK regional commercial radio station broadcasting across East Dorset, South Hampshire, Isle of Wight and parts of West Sussex and Wiltshire. It plays a variety of music under the theme of adult contemporary It doesn't just play constant music it has a mixture of presenter-led shows which includes local news/information, entertainment moments and competitions. Wave 105 is entirely locally produced and is a part of the Bauer Place Portfolio. The studio is at Segensworth East in Fareham and broadcasts across the Hampshire area. Wave 105 first broadcasted in 14th of June 1998, with news provided by the station local news team and the combination of Sky News. In December 2013 Wave 105 had their highest listening figures ever, audience research found from RAJAR showed the station had 438,000 people listening and an average of 10.3 hours a week. Meaning 4,520,000 total listening hours weekly which made Wave 105 the commercial leader in the south of England. Their is currently a range of presenters on the station with some of the most popular being Steve Power doing 'Steve Power at Breakfast' every week day between 5.30 am to 9.00 am. Mark Collins who presents 'Mark Collins' Morning Show' and 'The Golden Hour', every week day between 09:00-01:00, with Selina Ross on travel. He also hosts 'FloorFillers' on Saturdays 18:00-00:00 and Saturday Breakfast 07:00-10:00 including The Golden Hour. Wave 105 plays a variety of music but in particular pop music from the 80's and the past decade, the station is aimed at females aged around early 30's which is proven by the style of music. The format of Wave 105 is Adult Contemporary Music (the same as Radio 2) which is mirrored by the style of music. The slogan which is always used in the news bulletins is 'The South's Best Variety of Hits', its noticeable and also makes the audience want to listen to this radio station if its so good as its made out to be.

The third news bulletin I evaluated was Capital South Coast which is a commercial station. This is a regional radio station owned by Global Radio as apart of the Capital Radio Network. The location it broadcasts is around South Hampshire from the studios in Segensworth Fareham. Captial and Wave are both broadcasted from the same location. Capital South Coast is a station apart of eleven other independent contemporary hit radio stations under the ownership of Global Radio. All of the capital stations combined serve an audience of 7.1 million listeners, making Capital one of the most successful and popular station brands in United Kingdom. Capital was the UK's first national, commercial, hit music radio station. The station was first launched in the South of England in 1975, but under the name of Radio Victory. It only first only transmitted to a small area around Portsmouth before getting an extended license which included Southampton and Winchester. The station went under multiple revamps and getting taken over by a variety of different companies before it was rebranded on the 3rd of January 2011 as part of a merger of Global Radio's Galaxy and Hit Music networks to form the nine-station Capital radio network. The rebranded station kept their popular breakfast presenters Zoe Hanson and Paul Gillies who have know become in a way a household brand as every listeners recognises and relates to the presenters. Capital South Coast has a Contemporary Hit Radio format as the most popular music genre played is current hits, chart music, mostly pop songs or songs from genres like indie or dance but are currently popular in the charts. The target audience for Capital South Coast is the 14-34 year old age group as the presenters mirror this age, the stories told in the news bulletins are ones which would interest this age group and the music they play are aimed at more younger people. The sister stations (radio and/or television stations operated by the same company) of Capital South Coast are Classic FM and Heart Solent. Radio industry statistic measuring website RAJAR says that Capital South Coast has an audience share of 6.4% from June 2013.

The Radio 2 news bulletin was around 5 minutes long, it was aired on the 2nd of September 2013 and the airtime was 8pm. The bulletin began with upbeat, catchy soundbite which immediately catches your attention and in a way uplifts your mood because its so positive and uplifting. This is the only type of music played throughout the bulletin which shows that this radio stations main focus is to purely address news to the audience as clear and understandable as possible. This relates to the target audience of Radio 2 being older people as stereotypically they are more interested in news and need to hear it as clearly as possible. The presenter introduces the news bulletin by saying the radios stations name, the time and the day which is just a good way to start a bulletin rather than straightaway start discussing multiple stories. He also says 'good morning' which is formal but chatty way to directly inform the listeners and make them feel welcomed and actually important; it makes you feel as if the station want you to hear these stories as its more addressing then just someone speaking about loads of stories for 5 minutes. One thing which the presenter didn't do was actually introduce themselves, by doing this it would make it seem more personal and the listeners would tend to find further reliable. The first story was about US President Barack Obama which although has a lot of public interest as Obama is a very important public figure isn't local or national news but rather world. The story was about Barack Obama launching an intense lobbying effort to win congressional support for US military intervention in Syria. It's the main story and later discussed further in the news bulletin. The second story was a mixture between local and national as it refers to GCSE exams and the fact student would be faced with retaking papers if they don't achieve a minimum standard. This story would interest the listeners as the average audience is 35 year olds and over who a lot of them would have children so a story about schools and GCSE's is attention-grabbing. The third story is about scientists believing European men have grown four inches taller in a century, this story isn't breaking news and if somebody didn't hear about it then it wouldn't particularly matter but on the other hand is interesting and adds a lighthearted element to the news bulletin. Stories like this are usually used as a break between hard hitting stories; if a news bulletin was filled with really upsetting and distressing stories it could be slightly overwhelming so the use of laid-back stories makes it more relaxed. However this particular story would interest the average audience, one it being over 35 year olds but also the fact Radio 2 is aimed at males which the story is about; it doesn't refer to females height increasing purely just males so would engage the audience. The presenter then refers back to the first story which suggest the first three stories told were the main stories. It goes into more depth and detail not just referring to what Obama said but also other people, its a lot more informative and caters for people wanting to hear more knowledge about the story. Statistics and facts were also used which makes it seem more intelligent. During the bulletin a lead-in is used where the presenter switches over to Mark Mardell from Washington who is a presenter for The World This Weekend and correspondent, using someone like this makes the story seem more trustworthy and believable as the listeners are hearing first hand knowledge from somebody who has expert understanding. The presenter then refers back to the second story and again in more detail, the presenter refers to quotes from important people like ministers which adds more depth to the stories. Then uses a lead-in to an educational correspondent where they share more information and gives their personal view on the story. An educational correspondent is seen as expert on the topic which is better than just using the presenter as they know more about the area; more information means more believable. The presenter then starts discussing new stories which the listeners hadn't already heard. The first new story was about an arrest of five teenage boys after an arson attack which destroyed Lancashire College on the eve of the first day back of term. This stories wasn't discussed in great detail which suggests it's a recent story with a lack of information, it also doesn't use any lead-ins, experts or soundbites. The second new story was about TUC lodges complaints against the government for failing to give equal pay to agency workers. This story would engage the average audience as the age of agency workers are similar to the age of radio 2 listeners. Also any news which refers to the government usually would be public interest for middle aged people. The presenter leads on to a business correspondent who has expert knowledge on the topic which makes the story more interesting as it doesn't just have the presenter discussing it. The business correspondent also refers to the publics opinion which allows the listeners to relate. The next story is about Vodafone selling 45% interest in the company for $130 billion to Verizon, this story would aim at the more younger audience as they stereotypically have more of an interest in technology. The news bulletin then refers back to the story about European men growing 4 inches taller in 100 years. Two lead-in's are used as expert Timothy Hatton, Professor of Economics at the University of Essex discusses the story in more detail, then switches to Sue Gardner who adds a personal element by referring to an actual person who proves the scientific theory. By using these experts it makes the story more engaging and allows the listeners to understand more information. The final story which is in the Radio 2 news bulletin is about global warming and how crop pests and diseases are moving towards the poles due to the warmer temperatures. The story purely has the presenter talking about as it not specifically public interest but purely used to nicely end the news bulletin on a topic which is serious but not harrowing. The final part of the bulletin uses a lead-in to a weather broadcaster where they discuss the weather forecast, nearly all news bulletins will discuss weather at some point as its something which the listeners usually want to be aware of. The news presenter ends the bulletin by saying 'and thats the bbc news, its 5 past 8', this is a good way of ending the news as its personal but still formal (like the style of Radio 2) and allows the audience to feel like they've been directly addressed. Through my primary research I emailed Bob Shennan who is a British radio executive and Controller of BBC Radio 2 and BBC Radio 6 Music. I got a response back from James Hermon who is an assistant editor in the Radio Newsroom at the BBC. James Hermon told me the following information; the Radio Newsroom provides the news on the hour for Radio 2, Radio 4, 6 Music and more than 40 local radio stations. They also write morning, lunchtime and evening summaries for Radio 3. Every hour of every day, one of our journalists is producing news for at least one of those networks. The biggest audiences are on Radio 2 and the biggest single piece of journalism is the Six O’Clock News on Radio 4 every evening. He also told me the news output on Radio Two is as follows: three minute summaries on the hour, with three pieces of audio, and, ideally seven stories. The bulletins at 8am, 9am, 1pm and 5pm are five minutes long. The summary forms what is known as "the rip and read" - the news sent out, at twenty to the hour, to every BBC local station. More than 12 million listeners. That's roughly one-in-five of the population. And that's in a media world that is fragmented and becoming increasingly customised as a result of the internet. A sizeable chunk of the population is choosing to listen in to Radio Two. It would suggest, from a news perspective, one reason is because it is familiar and trusted.

The Wave 105 news bulletin was around 3 minutes long, it was aired on the 2nd of September and the airtime 8pm. The bulletin began in a similar way to Radio 2 with a lively and energetic soundbite, through the soundbite a voice-over says the radio stations slogan 'on fm, on digital and online, the south coasts biggest radio station... Wave 105' which straight away addresses the listeners and tell them what station it is but also gives them confidence that they have chosen a good and successful radio station to be informed by. The radio presenter then makes her introduction with 'It's 8 o clock, I'm Liz Allaway', this is something Radio 2 didn't. Although in the first news bulletin the presenter did inform the listeners with the time of day but not the presenters name. By Wave 105 having the presenter introduce themselves it makes it more personal and trustworthy as your more likely to believe what people say if you have some personal information about them.  The first news story which is discussed is national and about the death of Sir David Frost. This story would have a lot of public interest as Sir David Frost was a very well known public figure. The presenter discusses it in great detail by informing the listeners how he died 'Veteran broadcaster Sir David Frost has died from a heart attack while on a luxury liner from Southampton to Lisbon  – far from specialised medical assistance.' The presenter uses a lead-in to friend of Sir David Frost, British journalist and television presenter Esther Rantzen who further discusses the sad death by talking about personal moments 'he was an extraordinary man, he loved communicating and never had take skin or a mask off he was who he was'.  This could be seen as a Vox Pop. Or though the listeners wouldn't need to know this information it adds a more respective touch and allows the audience to relate to this saddening death. The second story is about the Prime Minister David Cameron's pressure mounting to call a second vote military action against Syria, this story goes into great detail as its a story which has a lot of public interest. In the Radio 2 news bulletin the presenter only spoke about US President Barack Obama's recent updates regarding Syria and not anything about David Camerons. Whereas Wave 105 discussed both, using national and world news. The presenter uses a lead-in to Boris Johnson (Mayor of London) where he further discusses the story, due to it being such public interest as it affects pretty much everyone in the country it would be the main story which goes into such depth. The next story is lead up from the one previous as it was about Barack Obama launching an intense lobbying effort to win congressional support for US military intervention in Syria, which is the same story as Radio 2 so shows that although both stations may have different target audiences a story which involves the government has public interest to everyone. The presenter uses a lead-in to Republican center Michael Burgess who allows the audience to have there own opinion on the topic as it gives a flip side to the story by not completely agreeing with Obama. This makes the article less bias as it adds a different element to the story. The next story is local, which is the first local story discussed in the news bulletin. Its about a 53 year motor cyclist dying on the A350, which is an A3 in the area in which Wave 105 is broadcasted so would be a big interest to the listeners. It goes into great detail by describing the incident, the people involved and sadly confirming the death. Although this story is extremely upsetting it wouldn't be in news bulletin which doesn't specifically cover that local area as hundreds of people die everyday in car accidents which is why they can't be spoken about in every news bulletin. This is probably reason it wasn't discussed in Radio 2. The next story is also local and is about a protester dressed as Spiderman causes Wessex Way to close on the last day of Air Festival. The presenter said that the A338 was closed in both directions by police after responding to reports of a man dressed as Spiderman hanging from the flyover. Both these stories are local which would have a lot of interest with the listeners as people like to be aware of world, national but also local news. The next story is about free childcare for families earning less than £16,190 a year, its only discussed by the presenter but uses quotes from Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg which adds believability as it uses an important source. The next story is about thousands of registers being sold to pizza delivery shops, estate agents and marketing firms over the past five years. The presenter refers to privacy campaigner Nick Pickles who gives his expert knowledge and opinion on the topic; this adds depth to the story and makes it more interesting. The last story is about the Bournemouth Air Festival, the presenter goes into great detail, discussing the event and some of the highs and lows throughout. By ending the news bulletin with this story makes it seem positive and optimistic, also using a local story finishes the bulletin in a personal way; its about something which is closer to home and the listeners can relate. The bulletin ends with the presenter saying 'for the latest updates follow our twitter @wave105' by the presenter saying this it aims it more at a younger audience as younger people use social media a lot, and in this day and age the majority of media platforms like television and radio will use some form of social media to connect with the youth. The only soundbites used were at the beginning and at the end which were both energetic guitar sounds that make the news bulletin more lively and upbeat. The Wave 105 news bulletin was a lot of different to Radio 2 as it was more fast paced and quick. The presenter told the stories in a faster way and in slightly less detail which suggest that the audience for Wave 105 aren't as interested as hearing every single piece of information like Radio 2. The first news bulletin was a lot more slower and the presenter spoke in more understable voice which could be due to the audience of Radio 2 being older and needing to understand the presenter more. The type of stories in Radio 2 weren't so local as the majority of them were national or world, this is because Radio 2 doesn't broadcast to just a certain area as it broadcasts the whole of United Kingdom. Whereas Wave 105 discuss more local stories as it only broadcasts around the South Hampshire area.

The final bulletin I looked at was Capital South Coast which was around 2 minutes long. The bulletin started in a similar way to Radio 2 and Wave 105 with upbeat, happy music and then introducing the radio station. A voiceover was used to introduce the radio station by saying 'Capital Breakfast', the presenter doesn't introduce themselves or say the actual name of the radio station like Wave 105 but rather goes straight into informing the listeners with news. This was done because this bulletin is only 2 minutes long so needs the all the time needs to be used on the different stories, this is also why they wouldn't be as many stories or said in great detail. The first story is about sport and Gareth Bale becoming the most expensive football player in the world after moving from Tottenham to Real Madrid for £85.3 million. News bulletins don't usually tend to start with sport stories as only a certain part of the audience would be interested in it. Also the first stories of news bulletin usually are headline hitting or of immense public interest. Capital South Coast is the only news bulletin which discusses a sports story which could suggest as the audience age group is 14-34 year olds they'd be mostly likely interested in a hearing a story of this style rather than a murder investigation. The second story which was also used in Wave 105 was national and about pressure mounting David Cameron to call second vote on military action against Syria. It's an important story and something which has interest to all ages as it has an effect on everyone which is why it was featured on all three of the news bulletins. The presenter uses a lead-in to British politician Michael Thomas Hancock who adds relevancy to the story and make it more understandable as its not just being told by the presenter. The next story is another political story and is world news. The story is about US President Barack Obama launching an intense lobbying effort to win congressional support for US military intervention in Syria. This story is a lead up from the one before that which makes people understand the situation with the government and Syria. This is another story which was in the Radio 2 and Wave 105 news bulletin, its a public interest story which is why its widely discussed. The next story is national and about Two Coronation Street actors in court accused of separate sexual offence chargers against children. One being Michael Le Vell going to trial and Bill Roache due before magistrate. The story would interest the listeners as people between the age of 14-34 tend to watch Coronation Street so a shocking story like this would engage them. This story wasn't spoken about in any other news bulletin even though its a national scandalous story but most likely because its not aimed at Radio 2 or Wave 105's audience. The next story refers to politicians and celebrities playing tributes to Sir David Frost, Capital South Coast doesn't go into as much detail as Wave 105 or uses any lead-ins. This was because Capital South Coast only had a 2 minute bulletin which is why it couldn't go into as much depth. The last article was about the musical Wicked coming to Southampton in Mayflower Theatre between October and November 2014. This story is the only one which is local and would interest the audience as its the type of musical more younger people would want to see. The news bulletin ends with a cheery and youthful soundbite before a weather reporter starts addressing the weather which is sponsored by Kleenex Balsam tissues. Capital South Coast's news bulletin is the most different out of the three as one its a lot shorter; Radio 2's news bulletin was double the length of Capital. The last news bulletin also didn't go into as much detail with their stories and most of them were discussed in overview style by just reporting the main parts. Capital also only reported on one local story whereas Wave 105 reported on near 5 or 6. Radio 2 and Wave 105 had the most similar type of stories as they reported on a mixture of world, local and national. Wave 105 and Capital South Coast had a very similar style of reporting; both of the presenters reported in a more chatty and informal way unlike Radio 2. Capital South Coast's new bulletin was very fast and the presenter didn't speak as fluently as Radio 2's presenter because in Capitals bulletin the presenter had two minutes to inform the audience on as many stories as Radio 2 had in five minutes.

Radio 2, Wave 105 and Capital South Coast all connect with their audiences in different ways. As Radio 2 is a BBC station its apart of the BBC Trust, which is created for BBC viewers, listeners and user to rely on to reflect the many communities that exist in the UK. These communities may be based on geography, on faith, on language, or on a shared interest such as sport. The BBC will stimulate debate within and between the communities of the UK, and encourage people to get involved with their local communities. The BBC Trust's priorities is split into six specific areas which is to represent the different nations, regions and communities to the rest of the UK, cater for the different nations, regions and communities of the UK, bring people together for shared experiences, encourage interest in and conversation about local communities, reflect the different religious and other beliefs in the UK and provide output in minority languages. Radio 2 connects with the audience by following the rules of the BBC Trust and ensuring a rounded representation of the nations on regions on the news is done. On the BBC's official website under the section of 'Inside the BBC' I found out the BBC's network news output will effectively report the changing face of the UK and the realities of devolution. It also will reflect perspectives from across the nations and regions and explain policy differences. The BBC has worked harder in the recent years to improve the accuracy, balance and relevance of its UK-wide news coverage. From my primary found from James Hermon he told me that the average listener is 51. Almost a half of Jeremy Vine's audience, for example, is over 55. Roughly 41 per cent of the audience is aged between 35 and 54. Most listeners live in the south of England. They are likely to read newspapers such as the Daily Mail and the Sun. I researched Radio 2's audience and found statistics published by RAHAR. In a year the station weekly audience grew to 14.94 million, from 13.90m and a record 15.44m last quarter. The station also had a share of 16.9% from 15.6 last year and 17.2% last quarter. Further more The Chris Evans Breakfast Show drew an audience of 9.35 million listeners every week – compared to 8.55m last year and 9.75m last quarter. Wave 105 connects with their audiences through competitions and presenter led shows which involve the listeners. Radio 2 which rather focuses more on music then competitions and presenter shows (which they still do just not as much as Wave 105) is different to Wave 105 as the majority of the radio air time embrace multiple different competitions and presenter led shows. By using these techniques it creates money for the station as the more people who enter the competition the more money is being made, but it also gets the audience involved and creates greater popularity for Wave 105. I researched Wave 105's audience by using media statistic website 'Media.Info' which showed me 50.3% of the stations listeners are females and 49.7% are males. The most popular age range for listeners is 25 to 55 year olds which is aimed at more older people than Capital South Coast. I also discovered the total listeners per week is 360,000, per listeners listens to 12 hours per week, total hours listened per week is 4,325,00, the market share is 11.8% and the total population covered is 1,811,000. Capital South Coast connects with their audiences through a similar way to Wave 105; competitions and presenter led shows which involve the listeners. Capital South Coast's audience tune into the radio station for the music and the brands lifestyle. They are a mainstream early majority audience which will always be among the first to know about new hit music which is why Capital South Coast uses this to their advantage by connecting with them through playing the latest and current hits. I researched Capital South Coast's audiences and found the company which owns the radio stations website (http://www.thisisglobal.com) which informed me with information regarding Capital South Coast. The radio station is owned by Global, which also owns Heart, Classic FM and Gold. I found out the majority of the audience is female with 58% over 42% males and 59% of the listeners are between the age of 14-34 year olds. Capital listeners would be huge fans of popular music entertainment, very media savvy/ and on trend with celebrities which is why Capital South Coast would connect with the audience by keeping the updated with the latest glamour, glitz and gossip. Through research from RAJAR I also discovered Capital South Coast has increased its market share from 4.9% to 5.5%. and Gillies and Emily at breakfast have increased their reach quarter on quarter to 113,000.

Bibliography 

Website
Breaking news
WIKIPEDIA
Breaking news
In-text: (Wikipedia)
Bibliography: Wikipedia,. 'Breaking News'. N.p., 2015. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.

Website
BBC - Radio 2 - Home
BBC.CO.UK
BBC - Radio 2 - Home
In-text: (Bbc.co.uk)
Bibliography: Bbc.co.uk,. 'BBC - Radio 2 - Home'. N.p., 2015. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.

BBC Radio 2
WIKIPEDIA
BBC Radio 2
In-text: (Wikipedia)
Bibliography: Wikipedia,. 'BBC Radio 2'. N.p., 2015. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.

Adult Contemporary Music Chart | Billboard
BILLBOARD
Adult Contemporary Music Chart | Billboard
In-text: (Billboard)
Bibliography: Billboard,. 'Adult Contemporary Music Chart | Billboard'. N.p., 2015. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.

CAPITAL
Capitalfm.com
In-text: (Capital)
Bibliography: Capital,. 'Capitalfm.Com'. N.p., 2015. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.

Capital FM
WIKIPEDIA
Capital FM
In-text: (Wikipedia)
Bibliography: Wikipedia,. 'Capital FM'. N.p., 2015. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.

Wave 105
WIKIPEDIA
Wave 105
In-text: (Wikipedia)
Bibliography: Wikipedia,. 'Wave 105'. N.p., 2015. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.

WAVE 105
In-text: (Wave 105)
Bibliography: Wave 105,. 'Wave 105'. N.p., 2015. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.

RAJAR.CO.UK
RAJAR
In-text: (Rajar.co.uk)
Bibliography: Rajar.co.uk,. 'RAJAR'. N.p., 2015. Web. 12 Feb. 2015. 

Presentation on Bulletin Comparison

As apart of an upcoming assignment we were set the task to create a presentation based around two different news bulletins which we previously watched. The first bulletin was from BBC Newsbeat which usually is around 15 minutes long with detailed information about multiple articles from hard-hitting to local news. The target audience for BBC Newsbeat is 15 to 25 year olds which is shown through young radio presenters and the style/type of stories which are broadcasted; the majority of the stories have a younger feel to it and are less serious, often about music and sport. The second news bulletin which I watched was from Heart which is a station aimed at the older audience from 22-44 year olds. Heart is a lot different to BBC Newsbeat as its more serious and the topic of stories are aimed at the older audience and what people of the age range would be interested in. The news bulletin is shown nearly every hour for around 2 minutes and is very fast paced but informative. Often stories shown on Heart are local or charity based which promotes obviously the charity but also Heart as a station, also a lot of the stories are hard-hitting but weren't shown in the BBC Newsbeat bulletin like the murder of teenager Alice Gross.

 

Radio Industry Research Task

The radio industry is divided into BBC Stations and Commercial Stations.

Task: 15 minutes - Research and answer the following on the BBC:  Do not use Wikipedia and reference your sources.

1. When did the BBC start broadcasting Radio? 

The BBC first started broadcasting in 1922. 

http://www.radiocentre.org/latest-industry-news/the-bbc-launches-radio-1-and-radio-2?slide=1

2. When and why did Radio One start broadcasting? 

Radio One started broadcasting in September 30th 1967 as a direct response to the popularity of the music being played by pirate stations such as Radio Caroline, which had been outlawed by Parliament in August. 

http://www.radiocentre.org/latest-industry-news/the-bbc-launches-radio-1-and-radio-2?slide=1

3. What is the Licence Fee and how much is it? 

The licence fee is an official record of payment required in in many countries for the reception of television broadcasts, or the possession of a television set where some broadcasts are funded in full or in part by the licence fee paid. The licence is sometimes also required to own a radio or receive radio broadcasts. 

The license fee costs £145.50 for colour and £49.00 for black and white.

4. What is the Royal Charter? 

A royal charter is a formal document issued by a monarch as letters patent, granting a right or power to an individual or a body corporate.

5. What is the BBC Trust? 

The BBC Trust is the governing body of the British Broadcasting Corporation. It is operationally independent of BBC management and external bodies, and its stated aim is to make decisions in the best interests of licence fee payers.

6. What is the BBC’s Mission? 

To enrich people's lives with programmes and services that inform, educate and entertain.

7. What is the difference between national and local BBC radio? 

Local BBC radio station will focus on news and events of the surrounding area, but not necessarily only local, they will go more in depth on e.g. accidents, that you won't hear about on the other side of the country.

National radio focuses on news and events that have an impact on the entire country (e.g. the primary elections is national news, while the voting of a city counselor will be local news).

8. What percentage of the population listen to BBC radio?

66% of the population listen to BBC radio. 

Task 15 minutes – Research and answer the following on Commercial Radio – Do not use Wikipedia and reference your sources. 

1. When did Commercial Radio first start broadcasting in the UK? 

Legal commercial broadcasting began in the United Kingdom in 1972.

2. What was the name of the first commercial radio station? 

The first ever commercial radio station was KDKA which was launched on November 1920.

3. When did Capital FM start broadcasting? 

16 October 1973.

4. Who owns Capital FM? And what other brands does this company own? 

Global Group owns Capital FM, they also own Heart, Classical FM, Gold and Smooth FM.

5. What percentage of the population listen to this organisation’s stations (all brands)? 

6. How is commercial radio funded? 

Commercial radio stations are funded through advertising revenue and their broadcasting licenses are awarded by Ofcom.

7. How many commercial radio stations are there in the UK?



8. How many companies control the majority of these – who are they?

The largest operator of radio is Global Radio which bought the former media group, Gcap Media. It owns Classic FM and London's most popular commercial station, 95.8 Capital FM. Other owners are Bauer Radio and UTV Radio, which mainly own stations that broadcast in highly populated city areas.

Story Treatment

Copy: this is where the only voice you hear is the newsreaders. It's a story with no audio attached to it.

Clip: this is where you hear a 'sound bite' from another person, who isn't another reporter. It may be part of an interview. E.G Robbie told us he's thrilled to have a daughter (cuts to Robbie saying how thrilled he is).

Wrap: this is where you hear the news reader, followed by a clip, followed by the newsreader again.

Vox Pop: this is where the newsreaders 'crosses over' to someone at the scene, or someone with more expert knowledge on a particular subject - e.g. out reporter xxx has more...

Voicer: this is where the story is enhanced by public opinion. It's a good way to add interest to a story by involving the audience to interact. E.g we asked these students at South Downs what they thought...

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-29453755

This article is on the BBC News website under the section of World News. The article is about the Ebola outbreak which is a big talking topic in the news as its a shocking story but also is threatening to the public as its a dangerous and deadly disease which has only recently been brought to the public attention.  This particular article focuses on increased rate of infection in Sierra Leone, the headline is  Ebola outbreak: 'Five infected every hour' in Sierra Leone. The article is a summary of facts and opinions, Save the Children said 765 new cases of Ebola reported in the West African state last week, while there are only 327 beds in the country. Its the world's worst outbreak of the virus, killing 3,338 people so far. There have been 7,178 confirmed cases, with Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea suffering the most. Save the Children says Ebola is spreading across Sierra Leone at a "terrifying rate", with the number of new cases being recorded doubling every few weeks.

Story Treatment for Ebola outbreak: 'Five infected every hour'

Copy: shocking and news worthy issue which means it could be the headline story, a lot of people would be interested and wanting to know about this issue which is why it could be the top story as it needs more time to inform as much information as possible.

Vox Pop: because its such a controversial and shocking issue a lot of people will have opinions on the topic so interviews would be a good element to the report. It also is a story which involves the public so opinions from the general public would be useful, it also makes it a talking topic so could lead to other types of stories.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-29452363

This article is on the BBC News website under the section of UK News. The article is about (at the time) missing 14 year old Alice Gross who had been missing for 5 weeks and been made a big media topic as the public were aware of her missing and every day new stories were shared which was keeping the general public up to date and if any new leads had appeared. This was a breaking news article and was unfortunately sharing the news that the young girls body was found. The article revealed that the 14-year-old's body was found on Tuesday night in the River Brent. She was last seen on 28 August after she left her home in Hanwell, west London. The story also revealed Alice's parents have been "left completely devastated" and thanked the local community for its help in the search and that the post-mortem examination began earlier at Uxbridge Mortuary. The purpose of this news stories is to update the public about an ongoing situation, because the news was found out so sudden a lot of the information wasn't as detailed as it would be the next day, but purely just main facts were shared.

Story Treatment for Alice Gross murder: Police identify body in river

Copy: this article would definitely be the top story as its breaking news and a headline hitting article. Due to the article being so shocking and what the public has been following for days its mostly likely it would have the most air time. A lot of people are interested in this story as its relatable to the public  and its so harrowing the public would want to find out more. Because its breaking news and only certain events have been reported during the next news bulletin the news reporter would update more information which has come to light.

Vox Pop: due to the article being breaking news the presenter would cross over to people at the scene to get more information. Although the presenter would be given updates and a lot of information which the public don't know because the story is so big in the media newsreader from the scene would be used to get first hand information. The vox pop in this story would usually happen in the second news bulletin as this first would break the heartbreaking news to the public and the second would give more information and go to the crime scene ect.

http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/news/local/hampshire-one-of-the-highest-in-country-for-under-18-drink-drivers-1-6333289

This article is on The News' official website which is a website for The News that is the online version of the local Portsmouth based newspaper and this article is under the section 'Health. The article is based around underage drinking in Hampshire. The article reports that Hampshire is one of the highest in the country for under 18 drink drivers, this makes the story a local report as its revolved around Hampshires under 18 drink drivers not the whole countries. The article explains that figures have shown that Hampshire has one of the highest rates in the country for under-18s caught drink-driving. A Freedom of Information request by in-car camera provider Nextbase revealed that between 2008 and 2013, 276 people were caught drink-driving in the county. Of those 276, 74 were under 16-years-old and the youngest offenders were just 14-years-old and were caught in 2008, 2009 and 2011.The total figure for Hampshire under-18 drink-drivers was only beaten by Greater Manchester, which had 409. The article was very short compared to other local reports but it wasn't a headline worthy story just purely used to fill up space in a newspaper.

Story Treatment for Hampshire one of the highest in country for under-18 drink-drivers

Wrap: this article isn't headline worthy but is an interest to the public as its a local story and does involve the listeners as drink drivers especially under 18 are a big issue at the moment. Due to the article being straight forward and will lack any lead ups it would normal if it was just the presenter talking about it and no use of audio clips or interviews. This article usually would be in the middle of the news bulletin as because its not so important it doesn't particularly matter when it it said, it also wouldn't be told in much detail but just provide a local story for the bulletin.

Voicer: this is the type of article which would use voicer as its revolved around the public. it also allows the public to have their opinions on the topic, with this article under 18's opinions would be used as an against side of the article and to justify young drivers. Other public who would have their opinions are suffers from drink drivers, older people ect.

http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/news/local/reward-of-20-000-offered-after-brutal-valerie-graves-murder-1-6329938

This article is on The News' official website which is a website for The News that is the online version of the local Portsmouth based newspaper and this article is under the section Crime. This article is about a £20,000 reward being offered by Crimestoppers and Sussex Police for information that leads to a conviction in relation to a murder of a woman.The unfortunate death was of 55 year old grandmother Valerie Graves who was murdered nine months ago in Smugglers Lane, Bosham after house sitting for a friend.. The murder happened on December 30th 2013 where she was attacked in her bed with a hammer.The reward will be paid out for information, received through the Crimestoppers anonymous phone line, that leads to a conviction.

Story Treatment for Reward of £20,000 offered after brutal Valerie Graves murder

Copy: due to this article being based around something which happened in the past but brought to attention you'd only need the news presenter to discuss it rather then bringing in audio clips and interviews. If it was a recent murder it would be the main story and the use of vox pop and clip would be used. Because its a murder people aren't really going to have mixed opinions on it so voicer wouldn't be necessary. This type of article would just be told by the news presenter and usually at the end of the bulletin as its an important article as its about murder and the police and its also asking for the public's health so it would need to be shown in a understandable way.

Wrap: although this article is about a murder nearly a year ago but because the police are asking for help again it potentially could be made into a headline story. If it was the main story for example a local radio station they would use wrap. Firstly discussing the background of the story in detail, then switching to a clip which could from the police, the victims family ect, then finally the news presenter who would finish the story with final information.

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2777794/Teenager-obsessed-Dexter-TV-series-stabbed-17-year-old-girlfriend-death-dismembering-bedroom.html

I found this article on the Daily Mail website which is the online version of the famous UK newspaper The Daily Mail. This article was under the News section of the website. The article was about a murder of a 17 year old girl which to make it even more shocking was done by her 16 year old boyfriend. Steven Miles committed the blood curdling killing of Elizabeth Thomas by stabbing her in the head and back in his bedroom at home in Oxted, Surrey. The crime got even more horrifying after he dismembered the teens legs and arms before wrapping the limbs in cling film. He even used saws and tools from his fathers tree surgeon business to cut up the body and placed them in bin bags and covered her body in a green plastic garden sheet. The family of the teen victim said 'it's difficult to accept she is no longer in our lives' and 'I place flowers on her grave when I should be putting them in her hair'. It was reported the teen killer got inspiration from the American serial killer based series Dexter, which he openly admitted to being obsessed with.

Story Treatment for Teenager obsessed with Dexter TV series stabbed 17-year-old girlfriend to death before dismembering her in his bedroom 

Vox Pop: this article would definitely use vox pop as due it being a recent murder and it also happening in England it would be the main headline story. In a news bulletin this story would be the first spoken about and have the longest coverage. This story in a news bulletin would most likely start with the news presenter informing the listeners about the shocking crime and then crossing over to someone at the scene or someone who has expert knowledge on the story to gain more information about it.

Copy: this article could be used as a copy story in the news bulletin aswell. Due to it being such a recent story and it may not already have been aired on a news bulletin it could be used as a copy story. The presenter could make it a headline story and use the certain time to just purely tell the listeners all the information which has been brought to light rather then using the small amount of time for audio clips or interviews.

Radio Terminology

Radio Terms

• News reader / presenter   - this is the main voice of the bulletin – the person reading the stories.
• Bulletin – this is the news  segment from start to finish.
• Reporter – this is another person who speaks in the bulletin but usually from  outside the studio. 
• Location – A reporter may be outside the studio building where a story is happening.
• Interviewer – this is the person conducting the interview. 
• Interviewee – this is the person being interviewed.
• Script – this is what a news reader follows – bulletins should never be ad-lib.
• Cross over to…. – this is the news presenter handing over to a reporter.
• Cuts to…. – this is when you hear some audio from an interview.
• Audio  - this is any other voice other than the presenter – usually pre recorded.
• News bed – this is played under the news bulletin in younger style stations. 
• News intro – this is the opening jingle that often says the stations name.
• Promo  - on commercial stations – a section of the bulletin may be sponsored – such as the weather.

Radio Bulletins 

Capital:

News intro

News bed 

Bulletins

Cuts to

Promo

News reader

Audio

Fast pace

1 audio

1 minute bulletin

Range of news stories; JLS helping local (Southampton) football club, teen Facebook party in Holland goes viral with riot police being called, 15 year old school boy charged with murders of two female police officers ect.

Not so local stories

BBC Solent:

News reader

News intro

Audio

Cuts to

Bulletins

Slow pace

4 audios

4 minute bulletin

Range of news stories: fire in local building, political interview with MP, info on the FA cup, local caravan show and forest festival ect. 

Mostly local stories

Capital 

The news bulletin shown on Capital FM is targeted at the young audience with the news stories relating to that. The style is quick and fast pace, the use of news bed helps with the flow of the bulletin making it instant and straight to the point. The delivery is also prompt and fast paced with the news reader going straight to the point with stories. The news stories used were a mixture of local and not local. 30% of the stories were local; JLS helping Southampton football club relates to the local area but also interests a wide range of audience from football enthusiast to JLS supporters. The majority of the stories weren't local but big news stories which the audience would be interested in, the main stories was about a 15 year old school boy from Manchester being charged with the murder of 2 female police officers; a very shocking and headline worthy story. The bulletin lacked local new stories only having 1 or 2 in the minute long bulletin and the rest being either country of worldwide news. Only one advert was used and that was right at the end before the weather was shown. It was an advert for toilet paper which is under household products so an interest to the audience.

BBC Solent 

The news bulletin on BCC Solent is targeted at the older generation and isn't as fast paced and quick as Capital. The news reporter informs the information in a slow tone, allowing people to hear it slightly clearer. The voice of the news reporter is doesn't vary and is all in the same tone and speed. The delivery is very clear and in depth; the news is reporting with more information. The style is very professional or though she made 2 mistakes, the way she told the news was very serious and informative. The type of news stories said were mostly all local, some of the stories included; information about the FA cup, local caravan shows, forest festival event, interviews with local MP's and staff employment at schools. The stories told aren't worldwide worthy or headline hitting but BBC Solent's news bulletins purpose is to inform people about whats happening locally. There was no news bed which makes news bulletins more upbeat but it wasn't needed as it would of made the news reporting less serious. There was multiple audios and cuts to throughout which gave the audience more information about the stories. There was 4 audios in the 4 minute long bulletin which made it more interesting and informative.

Comparing the news bulletins 

Comparing the two news bulletin you can tell they are completely different. Capital is aimed at a younger audience who although still want to hear about the news aren't maybe as bothered to hear every single detail or stories which are local and slightly uninteresting. BBC Solent's main purpose is to inform the audience, (whom are of on older generation) mostly all local stories and with as much information as possible in the 4 minute slot. Capital have around 30% local stories, 70% worldwide, whereas BBC Solent have 25% worldwide stories, 75% local. The news reporters styles were also different; Capital had a presenter who was more upbeat whereas BBC Solent was very serious. There was no promo or news beds in BBC Solent, again making it more serious but on the other hand Capital had one promo in the minute long bulletin and music playing throughout. The Capital bulletin felt very fast and straight to the point, whereas BBC Solent seemed a lot longer (longer then 3 minutes) as it didn't have some form of music to keep the audience still interested and the type of stories weren't hard hitting or shocking to grab the audiences attention.

Music Formats

Capital South Coast 
Capital South Coast is a regional radio station.
The company is owned by Global Radio as part of the Capital radio network.

Print screen from Capital South Coast's official radio station.











1. What is the station? 
Contemporary Hit Radio.

2. How do you know this? – give examples 
On the official website for Capital FM the subheading is ‘The south coast’s no.1 hit music station!’ which suggests Capital is a radio station that caters for the more popular music and hits in the music industry.
Again on the Capital website it has a lot of information about ‘popular’ and young artists, 90% of music shown on the website is under the age of 30 which relates to the station being CHR.

3. What area does it broad too?
Around South Hampshire from studios in Segensworth Fareham.

Radio 2
BBC Radio 2 is one of the BBC's national radio stations.
Radio 2 broadcasts throughout the UK on FM from studios in Western House.

Print screen from Radio 2's official website.












1. What is the station?
Adult Contemporary.

2. How do you know this? – give examples 
Radio 2 is famous for being the more grown up and mature version of radio 1.
The majority of presenters on Radio 2 mirror the stereotypical listeners; older people, predominantly males.

3. What area does it broad to?
United Kingdom; available worldwide through the internet.

Kerrang 

This is a print screen from Kerrang's official radio website.











1. What is the station?
Specialist.

2. How do you know this? – give examples 
Kerrang radio only play a specific genre of music being rock metal which it’s a specialist.
On the official Kerrang radio website, it has a section about ‘music news’, but which are completely different articles that you’d see in a contemporary hit radio. The music news aren’t popular and mainstream in the music industry.

3. What area does it broad to?
Around United Kingdom.

Notes on Music Formats

Definition of formats: 
A format document sets out the type of broadcast output that each radio station is required to deliver. It encapsulates the character of the service. A service station is obliged to deliver as a condition of its licence.

Contemporary hit radio (CHR)
Adult Contemporary (AC)
Gold
Community (In hospitals and shops)
Specialist (targeting a specific audience)
These define what music a station stereo typically plays.

What defines how a station sounds?

• Music
• Presenters 
• Competitions
• Speech Content
• Production

Radio Stations are media products; they are audience driven. 

Contemporary Hit Radio

Mainstream, popular music which young people usually listen to. 

Songs which are played a lot and build popularity.

UK Top 40 (example). 

Adult Contemporary

 Cross over from CHR, but mostly will play older classics like rock and ballards. 

Songs from 60,s, 70,s, 80,s - limited mainstream. 

Radio 2, Jack FM (examples). 

Hot AC

Radio stations like Heart.

Play both hits from the 80,s but also chart songs - mixed variety of music. 

Targeted at females in there 30's. 

Gold, Classical Hits

Aimed at the older audience. 

Mostly hits from the 60's, 70's, 80's. 

More speech content; not so music orientated, the presenters also speak aswell as playing music. 

Community

Non profit - aimed at serving the community.

Play a mixture of songs but generally mainstream. 

Presenters of community radio stations are often volunteers.

Friendly and casual station. 

In mostly stores and hospitals.

Express FM (example). 

Specialist

Focus on a specialist area of music. 

Focuses on specialist interests, for example religion and certain interests. 

Radio Stations Broadcasting Nationally 

• Specialist 58%
• Contemporary Hit Radio 4%
• Speech 19%
• Gold 18%
• AC 11%

Definitions of the main music formats

Contemporary Hit Radio (CHR)

This stations main aim is to provide information to the people living nearby. They can play a mix of music to cater for a wide range of tastes. They may also feature local artists to. 

Artists usually heard on this station: Miley Cyrus, Pharrell Williams, Artic Monkeys. 

Adult Contemporary (AC)

This station is aimed at an older audience who still like listening to mainstream chart artists. There will be an influence of music from the 80's and 90's through to current hits.

Artists usually heard on this station: Michael Jackson, The Rolling Stones, Wham!. 

Specialists

This format is characterized by a certain interest - this could be taste in music, influenced by religion or culture. It could also be determined by other interests including sports ect. 

Artists usually heard on this station: Foo Fighters, Artic Monkeys, The 1975.

Gold 

These stations are listened to by an older audience who enjoy popular music from their generation. Music on these stations tends to date back to the 60's. 

Artists usually heard on this station: The Beatles, The Rolling Stones. 

Community

This station's main aim is to provide information to the people living nearby. They can play a mix of music to cater for a wide range of tastes. They may also feature local artists too. 

Artists usually heard on this station: Any artists which create popular hits.